Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. Be able to identify tissues in the nervous system (nerves, cell bodies and ganglia, and white vs. gray matter in the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum). Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Jennifer Ann Jost Last modified by: Jeff Keyte Created Date: 10/29/2003 10:25:53 PM Document presentation . This nerve was additionally stained with osmium and the membranes of myelin are visible as dark rings. Some sources describe a fourth type of neuron, called an anaxonic neuron. For now, focus just on the morphology of these regions and observe the presence of three distinct layers rather than the six layers found in the cerebral cortex (evolutionarily speaking, the three-layered organization is considered to be "older," so this type of cortex is also known as "archicortex" whereas the "newer" six-layered cerebral cortex is "neocortex"). Some neurons are named on the basis of those sorts of classifications (Figure 3). Because of this, only specific types of molecules can enter the CNS. Gordana Sendi MD On a longitudinal section, cardiomyocytes appear branched, joined together by specialized junctions called intercalated discs which allow them to quickly exchange electrical impulses and work as a syncytium. The predominant cells visible on the slide are called pyramidal cells (named for their triangular shape). Thus are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body. Specialised cells (melanocytes, Merkels cells, Langerhans cells) and free nerve endings are found within the epidermis, providing pigmentation, protection and sensation. It relays sensory input to other neurons in the spinal cord. Nervous tissue histology 1. Neurons are characterized by a large cell body or perikaryon containing a large, pale (active, euchromatic) nucleus with a prominentnucleolus. The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. Chapter 12Nervous Tissue. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins). The cells are laid down on top of dense irregular connective tissue, the basement membrane (BM). Aside from finding efficacious substances, the means of delivery is also crucial. It has a similar role as the nervous system, working in tandem with it to maintain homeostasis of the body. They also have cilia on their apical surface to help move the CSF through the ventricular space. Because of this, ependymal cells can be considered a component of the BBB, or a place where the BBB breaks down. within limits that maintain life. While their origin is not conclusively determined, their function is related to what macrophages do in the rest of the body. These sections are then mounted on a glass slide, using a mounting medium as an adhesive. Skin glands include sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine) and sebaceous holocrine glands, both are important in regulating body temperature. Like the spleen and lymph nodes, the immune cells in this tissue can mount an immune response against foreign invading material. The male reproductive system consist of the internal genitalia (testes, genital ducts and accessory genital glands) and external genitalia (penis and scrotum). Movement on one side of the body is often controlled by nerve impulses originating on the opposite side of the brain. The branch of medical science that deals with the. The spleen on the other hand, filters blood. At low magnification, differentiate inner gray from outer white matter and identify dorsal and ventral horns of the gray matter. A group of organs united by similar functions. Glucosethe primary energy sourceis allowed, as are amino acids. In general, where in the brain can grey matter be found? Glial cells, or glia, are known to play a supporting role for nervous tissue. If you were to look at some bones on a skeleton, youd see a greyish rigid mass with some bumps and depressions. All rights reserved. The central axons are so thin that they appear as purple dots in the middle of the lighter-colored circles of myelin. 1. Work for the lab This website is a great way to view the tissues. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Afferent, efferent, visceral and more. Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous tissue. Correct answer 1. This preserves it into the same state that it had when it was in the body, and thus, keeps it from degrading. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). Ependymal cells, which are uniquely located lining the ventricles of the brain the central canal of the spinal cord, are one notable exception. Specialized connective tissue includes the blood, reticular, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. 3. They are responsible for the computation and communication that the nervous system provides. One oligodendrocyte will provide the myelin for multiple axon segments, either for the same axon or for separate axons. Human anatomy is pretty straightforward. Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the axon hillock. The three-dimensional shape of these cells makes the immense numbers of connections within the nervous system possible. I love Histology! Supporting cells dont get as much credit as neurons in popular culture; but did you know that glial cells make up at least 80% of nervous tissue? 2023 Like a few other parts of the body, the brain has a privileged blood supply. Deep to the gray matter of the cerebral cortex is the white matter that conveys myelinated fibers between different parts of the cortex and other regions of the CNS. Just medial (to the right) of the tail of the caudate, note the choroid plexus slide NP004N View Image, which consists of highly convoluted and vascularized villi covered by ependymal cells which are specialized for the production of cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. This accounts for the name, based on their appearance under the microscope. Click on a question to reveal the answer. Learn more about the histology of the upper and lower digestive tract. Based on the number of processes, neurons are classified into multipolar, bipolar and unipolar. Contents Neuron Nerve cell processes Synapses And impulse transmission The neuroglia Myelin sheath 2 3. The latter constitutes the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES). How is this different in the spinal cord? Lastly, the specimen is stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. Gray matter is mostly made of neuronal bodies, dendrites and glial cells whereas white matter is made primarily out of myelinated axons. The cells here arepreganglionic sympathetic neurons whose axons terminate in either sympathetic chain ganglia or the "visceral" (or "pre-aortic") ganglia associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta (e.g. Primarily, the PNS is made up of the axons of neurons whose cell bodies are located within the CNS (within the brain for cranial nerves and the spinal cord for peripheral nerves yet another way to divide the nervous system based on location). The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium mostly made out of keratinocytes. Other blotting techniques include Southern blot, Western blot, Far-Western blot, Southwestern blot, Eastern blot, Far-Eastern blot, Northern blot, Reverse Northern blot and Dot blot. Histology Copyright by Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Afferent, efferent, visceral and more. White matter consists of myelinated axons. Nervous tissue. Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. Histological inspection reveals that each nerve fibre is actually composed of a large number of axons whose cell bodies reside in central or peripheral ganglia, the spinal cord or the brain. The Neuron Special property of irritability & conductivity Nerve cells are capable of receiving the . This traps and removes any inhaled dust, bacteria or foregn substances. The glial cell is wrapped around the axon several times with little to no cytoplasm between the glial cell layers. Bundles of myelinated axons in the brain are called tracts, while bundles of axons in the PNS are called nerves. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. 48 Spinal CordWhite Matter (Spinal Cord)View Virtual EM Slide In this field you see several oligodendrocytes, the cells that make myelin in the CNS, surrounded by numerous myelinated axons of various size, cut in cross section. The axon projects from the dendrite endings, past the cell body in a ganglion, and into the central nervous system. All cells are enveloped by a semipermeable two-layered membrane, which serves as a dynamic medium for the cells interaction with the external environment. . The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. White mater 4. Remember, this entire pathway is traveled by cells whose axons may be three feet long! Pulmonary capillaries come into close contact with the alveoli, forming the blood-air barrier. The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. Be sure you identify the white matter in bothluxol blue-stainedslide 076View ImageandTB&E-stained#076bView Imagesections, as it will appear differently in these two stains. The nervous system can be organized in several different ways. The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. It provides somatic motor output to skeletal muscles. The function of myelin will be discussed below. Nervous tissue. With one exception, neurons such as this (though not necessarily this large) are found in ALL areas of the nervous system. Thoroughly learn the parts of a cell using our diagrams and cell quizzes! These include epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, erythrocytes, keratinocytes, chondrocytes just to name a few. This is why doctors must take extra caution when prescribing medication to these people. It consists of a few cells and an abundance of extracellular matrix. The other processes of the neuron are dendrites, which receive information from other neurons at specialized areas of contact called synapses. The skin is both a medium for interaction with the environment and a barrier, protecting us from outside microbes and chemicals, changes in temperature and dehydration. All of this is surrounded by three connective tissue membranes (meninges): dura, arachnoid and the pia mater. Remember, a nerve is a bundle of axons, running in parallel, in the PNS. One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = star). Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems Access to the supplemental resources for this session is password-protected and restricted to University of Michigan students. Health Information Technology & Services. The tissues of the nervous system can also be divided into grey matter and white matter. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. It also includes important proteins that are integral to that membrane. Myelin, however, is more than just the membrane of the glial cell. Different regions of the nervous system have distinct histological characteristics that make them easily recognizable, under the microscope. Copyright Myelin is a fatty substance that makes the axon appear white. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. In the PNS, myelin is produced by Schwann cells, which wrap around the axon. thyroid, ovaries, suprarenal) and individual hormone-secreting cells found in many organs of the body (e.g. 1:00 - 2:55 Cartilage and Bone ppt | pdf | lecture recording. This is a tapering of the cell body toward the axon fiber. Look at the margins of the ventricle at higher magnification and note that it is entirely lined by ependymal cells. Histology (6th ed.). Some well-known lymphatic nodules include; the tonsils, Peyers patches and vermiform appendix. . Ongoing research into these cells, although not entirely conclusive, suggests that they may originate as white blood cells, called macrophages, that become part of the CNS during early development. Therefore, the purkinje cell somewhat resembles a shrub or coral in shape. Neurons. The Schwann cells (in the peripheral nerves) and the satellite cells (in the ganglia) are glial cells (supporting cells) of the PNS. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). They have one axon and two or more dendrites (usually many more). Click on human from the drop down list 5. Onecommonly used technique is Western blot, in which proteins are separated from one another based on molecular weight using gel electrophoresis. 4. The ventral spinal cord. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Tissues. Epithelium is classified by both its cellular morphology and the number of cell layers. A cell is the smallest functional unit of an organism. True unipolar cells are only found in invertebrate animals, so the unipolar cells in humans are more appropriately called pseudo-unipolar cells. Confusingly, structures within white and grey matter are referred to by different terms, depending on whether they are located in the CNS or the PNS. Author: New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Since tissues are normally colourless, applying a dye to the tissue section allows the cells and their components to be seen under a microscope. ("3" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the pyramidal cells. In the peripheral nervous system, the larger diameter axons are surrounded by a lipid-rich myelin sheath formed by the Schwann cells (Wheater's pg. Examine the layered organization of the cerebral cortex usingslide 76stained withluxol blue/cresyl violet[orientation](which stains white matter tracts and cell bodies) ortoluidine blue and eosin[orientation](TB&E, toluidine blue stains the nuclei and RER of cells whereas eosin stains membranes and axon tracts). They are found mainly in the olfactory epithelium (where smell stimuli are sensed), and as part of the retina. All Rights Reserved. Histology of Nervous Tissue PROF. DR. FAUZIAH OTHMAN DEPT OF HUMAN ANATOMY Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell: neuron & neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of Next, the tissue is embedded with paraffin wax, which firms the tissue enough permit thin slices. Neurons are the primary type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. Cells are categorized into various types, all of which perform different functions. Additional sub-classifications are possible, based on the cell specializations. Examine the gray matter on each side of the sulcus using first low and then high power. Peripheral nerves are bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue (endo-, peri- and epi- neurium). An important part of the function of neurons is in their structure or shape. When responding to a foreign threat, immune system cells can activate non-specific inflammation or progress to a specific immune response. How. It consists of small, spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells and ground substance with sparse collagen and reticular fibers. Ependymal cells line each ventricle, one of four central cavities that are remnants of the hollow center of the neural tube formed during the embryonic development of the brain, as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. In this article, we will introduce you to the microscopic world of histology. Neuroglia. Resources in the University of Michigan Histology Dropbox, Slide 065-1N spinal chord Masson cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-2 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-1 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 066a thoracic spinal cord thoracic spinal cord luxol blue cross View Virtual Slide. Electron microscopy (EM) is a more modern form of microscopy that provides a much higher magnification and high resolution images. They are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, and that produce movements in response to those stimuli, along with inducing thought processes within the brain. 5 Nervous system The introductory part of the chapter is adapted from BC OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology book under the CC BY license. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. Read more. Neurons (Nerve cell bodies) 5 6 5. between a tract and a nerve? Your donation will enable us to update all existingSecondLook resources and to transform them into completely free Progressive Web Applications (PWA), including theSecondLookHistology apps. Those processes extend to interact with neurons, blood vessels, or the connective tissue covering the CNS that is called the pia mater (Figure 4). Using only histological evidence, could you determine from where in the nervous system a sample of tissue was taken? Skeletal muscle consists of long cylindrical-shaped muscle cells with multiple, peripherally located nuclei and a cytoplasm filled with myofibrils. These layers of myelin are many times thicker than the diameters of the axons. Other staining techniques such as Masson trichrome, alcian blue, reticulin stain and others are sometimes used to demonstrate specific tissue components not seen on a H&E stain. Alveoli are the primary site of gas exchange. Very little can pass through by diffusion. As a muscle contracts, its tendon transmits the force to the bone, pulling on it and causing movement in the associated synovial joint. 1:00 - 1:50 Nervous Tissue ppt | pdf | lecture recording (for both hours) 2:05 - 2:55 Connective Tissue ppt | pdf. One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier? Histology of Nervous Tissue Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell: neuron & neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of Expert Help Friday, August 26 Multiple muscle cells are bound by connective tissue into fascicles, and multiple fascicles join to form a muscle belly. Correct answer 1. Nervous tissue contains two categories of cellsneurons and neuroglia. the peripheral nerves and peripheral ganglia. Mucoid connective tissue is a fetal tissue present in the umbilical cord. Tissues join together in different arrangements to form our body organs. motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. They are organized into lobules, with each lobule containing a parenchyma of seminiferous tubules and a connective tissue stroma. Neurons are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. Most of the respiratory tract is lined by respiratory mucosa; a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with mucus producing goblet cells. behaviors, memories, and movements. Unipolar neurons have only one process emerging from the cell body which causes them to appear T-shaped. This is done by the use of a complementary nucleotide probe, which contains a radioactive or fluorescent label. The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the major organelles. Did you know that chronic alcoholics have a lot more smooth endoplasmic reticulum concentrations in their hepatocytes? Any of those processes can function as an axon depending on the conditions at any given time. Germinal (spermatogenic) epithelium, with spermatogenic cells and nurse (sertoli) cells, forms the convoluted tubules, while small circular interstitial (Leydig) cells are found in the connective tissue between the tubules. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. First, their dendrites are receiving sensory information, sometimes directly from the stimulus itself. The tissue is sectioned thinly enough so that light can pass through it. The edges of this loose enclosure extend toward each other, and one end tucks under the other. There are many neurons in the nervous systema number in the trillions. Review the organization of the spinal cord using your atlas. The axons of pyramidal cells will descend through the interior white matter of the cerebrum into the three parts of the brainstem: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. Histology. Cells that are well preserved show features characteristic of most neurons: large cell body, large pale nucleus, Nissl substance, and cell processes (most of which are dendrites). Histology of Nervous Tissue PROF. DR. FAUZIAH OTHMAN DEPT OF HUMAN ANATOMY 2 Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell neuron neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of neuroglia astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cell, microglia Synapses Myelin formation function General structure of peripheral nerves Ganglia dorsal root ganglia autonomic ganglia At one end of the axon are dendrites, and at the other end, the axon forms synaptic connections with a target. Skin appendages are derivatives of the epidermis. It is this myelin, a lipid-rich sheath covering axons, that causes white matter to be lighter in color than grey matter. Histology Complete and Basic Tissues. Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) produce lymphocytes (B and T cells) while secondary lymphoid organs (diffuse lymphoid tissues, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes and spleen) help to rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted material. Within the medulla, most axons will cross over to the opposite hemisphere of the brain from which they originated a process called decussation and then continue within the white matter of the spinal cord, before synapsing with interneurons and lower motor neurons, in the grey matter of the spinal cord. Thompson, Ph.D. Histology of Nervous Tissue Despite the complexity of organization, there are only two functional cell . Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. Correct answer 4. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. As you learned in the first section, the main part of a neuron is the cell body, which is also known as the soma (soma = body). There are more tissues on the website than you are responsible for. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a tuft of fenestrated capillaries which creates an ultrafiltrate of blood. Organelles can be membranous (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum) or non-membranous (ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles). Many neurons in the spinal cord may appear shrunken and surrounded by an empty space due to poor fixation. The medial surface of the section is the posterior portion of the thalamus and a small portion of the cerebral peduncle. Eroschenko, V. P. (2017). Both neurons and glia have fine processes projecting from the cell body, which generally cannot be resolved in the light microscope without special staining techniques. These vibrate to produce sound as air passes through them. Above the temporal (ventral or inferior) horn of the lateral ventricle the lateral geniculate nucleus is present. The lateral extension of the ventral horn slide 065-2 contains relatively large, multipolar visceral motor neurons of the intermediolateral cell column that extends from levels T1 through L2 of the spinal cord. Ppt #2. Due the nature of histological sampling, it is impossible to see the entirety of a three-foot-long neuron on a single slide. The epidermis (epithelium) and dermis (connective tissue) compose the skin. Secondly, the cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in ganglia. The blood-brain barrier is a physiological barrier that keeps many substances that circulate in the rest of the body from getting into the central nervous system, restricting what can cross from circulating blood into the CNS. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! Lateral to this structure is the tail of the caudate. This is the reason why people with extensive burns are in life-threatening danger. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Everything absorbed through the alimentary tract passes through the special discontinued capillaries of the liver before going anywhere else. 2. Cells come together with extracellular matrix (a jelly-like fluid) to form the four types of tissues found in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Slide 076cerebrumcerebrum luxol blue crossView Virtual Slide, Slide 076bcerebrumTB&EView Virtual Slide. Mesenchyme gives rise to all types of connective tissue. Structure of a Neuron. If you are a University of Michigan student enrolled in a histology course at the University of Michigan, please click on the following link and use your Kerberos-password for access to download lecture handouts and the other resources. The multipolar neurons in this area are known as "mossy cells" slide NP004N View Image and they primarily receive input from mossy fibers of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus and then relay those signals back to other cells in the dentate. Ana 211 (Histology of Nervous tissue).pptx sunday godwin obaje Read Now Download Free PDF Related Papers Cancer Registry Report 2000 2002 Robina Greaves Download Free PDF View PDF Identification of OTX2 as a Medulloblastoma Oncogene Whose Product can be Targeted by All-Trans Retinoic Acid Timothy Parrett Download Free PDF View PDF Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g. The membrane wrapped around the fascicle is called an endoneurium and is made of the loose reticular connective tissue. The relationship of these two types of glial cells to ganglia and nerves in the PNS is seen in Figure 5. The inner edge wraps around the axon, creating several layers, and the other edge closes around the outside so that the axon is completely enclosed.Myelin sheaths can extend for one or two millimeters, depending on the diameter of the axon. Oligodendrocytes (another type of glial cell) are responsible for the myelination of CNS axons. Neuroglia (glial cells) (supporting cells) as white matter? The CNS consists of nervous tissue that is protected within bony structures the brain within the cranium and the spinal cord within the vertebral column. Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. A third type of connective tissue is embryonic (fetal) tissue, this is a type of primitive tissue present in the embryo and umbilical cord. Name this exception. Histology of the Nervous System Description: Histology of the Nervous System X-Section of Brain Tissue 4 1 2 3 1.