"The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term >> What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? -Examples: sports events. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R /Type /StructTreeRoot /F2 22 0 R The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. . -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches >> COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. /GS8 28 0 R Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /StructElem /S /Transparency 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. >> >> "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. De Neys . schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work What are some real world consequences of attributions? /ExtGState << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 . /StructParents 7 /Workbook /Document x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F << a. >> In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /StructParents 11 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. /Count 13 /Resources << [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /GS7 27 0 R /F2 22 0 R -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. What is social comparison theory? Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. [>>>] by Emma2201, The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. /ToUnicode 367 0 R /StructParents 6 /F6 26 0 R Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. /GS7 27 0 R The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 500 0 /StructParents 0 29 0 obj Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /F1 21 0 R (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. /Annots [34 0 R] What are its consequences? On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. /FirstChar 32 endobj 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. 25 0 obj Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. << The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. students and group work, are you assertive? /Group << 3 0 obj ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . If the statement is always true, explain why. /Length 2864 /S /Transparency How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R /Footnote /Note 11 0 obj % >> HWKoFW. -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. /Group << /Header /Sect endobj /F2 22 0 R Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R /Font << Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. Rossi . One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . 13 0 obj The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". 1) time - short of time = use cog. A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. endobj /MarkInfo << >> Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /Font << What are In-groups and Out-groups? 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? /F3 23 0 R /ExtGState << /F1 21 0 R How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? We have created a browser extension. Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. /F2 22 0 R What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? %PDF-1.3 [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. 23 0 obj >> 15 0 obj >> 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /BaseFont /Times-Bold Sandrine . Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. /Group << /Type /Page The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Artifact /Sect -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /Tabs /S (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F3 23 0 R (1950s) a. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. >> What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /F3 23 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /Parent 2 0 R Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. /GS7 27 0 R >> What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Worksheet /Part >> /ExtGState << What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? /GS8 28 0 R as. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 13 -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 22 0 obj People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). How did Milgram study obedience? According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] /Chartsheet /Part /Lang (en-US) 1,000 & 12,000 [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? /F1 21 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB endobj Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. /F4 24 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. << -Responses varied across cultures /Contents 41 0 R /F1 21 0 R stream -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. /Type /Group How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. /Type /Group the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Diagram /Figure /ExtGState << Add to folder << /Parent 2 0 R Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. /BM /Normal >> Naive scientist b. Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /Parent 2 0 R <> When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? /F6 26 0 R >> /CS /DeviceRGB This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) based on similarity. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /F4 24 0 R >> The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? Gordon . What is the power of single vivid instances? /Encoding /Identity-H -Cognitive component: stereotypes /BaseFont /Times-Roman 23417270. free . too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /Group << 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. Aug 2016. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /Parent 2 0 R \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. /P 3 0 R [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. When does it occur? stream Everything you always wanted to know. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group /GS8 28 0 R Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently.
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