The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Jizya was abolished too in his command. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. . The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? It is by late Vidwan T.K. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. No examples found, consider adding one please. Was this answer helpful? hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Son of Partha. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Son of Ajitapida. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Verse 12. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Answer. Son of Sangramapida II. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Concerning past occasions. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. (I.191) He belonged to. Verse 15. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Verse 13. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Total loading time: 0 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Translation of " " into Persian . The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Devout Shaivite. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Died young. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Has data issue: true . Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. Nephew of Didda. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. He was (I.191) the first of his race. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. } In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. for this article. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Son of Hiranyakula. Verse 14. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Request Permissions. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Jonaraja During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Answer. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). Sussala's son. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. translator of the Rajataragini. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. From Stein's translation:[3]. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. Answer. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. . The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed.
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