Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. Dokl. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. [all data], Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988 The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Excess thermodynamic functions of the systems: benzene + p-xylene and benzene + p-dioxan, In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekul published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces Are fluid 5. In the bone marrow, MPO converts these polyphenols to benzoquinones. Maleic anhydride is widely used in resins, coating, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agricultural products, and plastics. J. Chem. Chem. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., [all data], de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1933 for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents. [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure. C11H16 = 148.25. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Excess heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures determined with a Picker flow calorimeter, Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., Akad. Prosen, E.J. Obshch. ; Gilmont, R.; Rossini, F.D., [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions; however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact with contaminated water. There are limitations on the content of benzene in gasoline. Chat now for more business. Chem. Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. Heat capacities at constant volume, free volumes, and rotational freedom in some liquids, [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Safety glasses. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. Claus, Adolph K.L. Have high density 4. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Specific heat capacity of liquids including ethanol, refrigerant 134, water. A.1.89 103 J B.54.4 J C. 840 J D.2.08 10-2 J E. 48.1 J C. 840 J [A 100-W lightbulb is placed in a cylinder equipped with a moveable piston. Sometimes, xylenes and heavier aromatics are used in place of toluene, with similar efficiency. Willams, J.W. [23][24] Gradually, the sense developed among chemists that a number of substances were chemically related to benzene, comprising a diverse chemical family. As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S., Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. Rept. [90] The NIOSH short-term exposure limit (STEL 15 min) is 1 ppm. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 ; Blanchard, E.R. [16] An acidic material was derived from benzoin by sublimation, and named "flowers of benzoin", or benzoic acid. Pol. Atalla, S.R. Solution Chem., 1987, 16, 745-752. Specific Heat of Benzene, Specific Heat of C6H6. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. Benzene is found in air, water, and soil that comes from both industrial and natural sources, is highly flammable, and evapo-rates into air very quickly, and dissolves slightly in water. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. Zhur. Int. Zhur. [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. Department of Health and Human Services. The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. A small-area case-crossover study", "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility", American Petroleum Institute, API Toxicological Review, Benzene, September 1948, "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility", International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact", "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment", Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 1910.1028, Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Anal. In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. Manufacture of some of these benzene-containing formulations ceased in about 1950, although Liquid Wrench continued to contain significant amounts of benzene until the late 1970s. Table 7.2. Sci. Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. Physical State (20 deg.C) Liquid. Bull. and robots that compete in the performance of specific operational tasks. The formula for specific heat capacity, C, of a substance with mass m, is C = Q / (m T). J. The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy production. J. Heat capacities of some organic substances at low temperature, As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the REL (10-hour) of 0.1 ppm. Chem. Res., 1931, NBS 6, 881-900. [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. Devon is applying 100N of . These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. It also shows the saturation pressure with changes in temperature. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 1199-1200. DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. In 2013, the biggest consumer country of benzene was China, followed by the USA. ; Rossini, F.D., Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 [72][73][74] The specific hematologic malignancies that benzene is associated with include: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).[75]. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. London, 1933, 45, 194-207. Technology, Office of Data [citation needed]. Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 523-529. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). Benzeneis present in crude oils and is a product of oil-refining processes. We don't save this data. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. We don't collect information from our users. ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Izv. This was seven years after he had solved the problem of how carbon atoms could bond to up to four other atoms at the same time. phys. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Am. 1: With the help of a household iron This is one of the most common and easiest ways to unstuck vinyl print (letters or artwork) pressed on your tee. Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14. An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) at 10C is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated to 50C. J. Chem. Mean specific heat in homologous series of binary and ternary positive azeotropes, The aromatic compounds. The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. with specific heat c = cal/gmC = joule/gmC, initial temperature T i = C = K = F. ; Khan, V.H., 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce J. Chem. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. heat [1] 3. Specific heat of ethyl alcohol= 2.44 . Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of tetrachloroethene + cyclohexane, + methylcyclohexane, + benzene, and + toluene at 298.15 K, Prosen, E.J. Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, at 1 atm: botling point = 80. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 g/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 g/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[91][92][93][94]. Gorbunova, N.I. Diffuse through otherliquids 6. The heat capacity, heat of fusion and entropy of benzene, J. Chem. Hydrogenation cannot be stopped to give cyclohexene or cyclohexadienes as these are superior substrates. Thermodynam., 1991, 23, 25-30. Trans. [69], In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene". Phys. : Dynamic viscosity (Pas). [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. Ber. Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, Soc. Grolier, J.-P.E. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. [all data], Williams and Daniels, 1925 Have no definite shape 2. Trans. Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps. In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. Trans. [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. 2. [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. Heats of combustion and formation at 25C of the alkylbenzenes through C10H14, and of the higher normal monoalkylbenzenes, Structure and properties . Am. Chem., 1971, 24, 1817-1822. This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. [all data], Czarnota, 1991 Flammable, irritating vapor is produced. ; T = 293 to 323 K. Data calculated from equation. J. Chem. Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. [75][95], Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may induce loss of function or gain of function. J. Chem. Ramadevi Punyamurthy et al. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 Die specifische Wrme flssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 4450% of the total U.S benzene production.[52]. Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. Benzene, C6H6, is a clear colorless to light-yellow liquid, flammable with a petroleum-like, aromatic odor. Calorimetric determinations of thermal properties of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene, (August 2007). Am. ), pp. Through calculating more than thirty parameters, Lonsdale demonstrated that the benzene ring could not be anything but a flat hexagon, and provided accurate distances for all carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule. Data, 1985, 30, 267-269. It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? Tanaka, R., Eng. Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. Chem. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. Ethylbenzene Formula: C 8 H 10 Molecular weight: 106.1650 IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 IUPAC Standard InChIKey: YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CAS Registry Number: 100-41-4 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file (TLV) for benzene to 0.02 ppm and reduce the 15 . He gave the compound the name benzin. Individuals carrying variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX) and deletion of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) showed a greater frequency of DNA single-stranded breaks.[99]. [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. The curve between the critical point and the triple point shows the benzene boiling point with changes in pressure. de Kolossowsky, N.A. Pacor, P., Aust. If the sample is heated at constant pressure (P = 1 atm), calculate the amount of energy in kJ needed to raise the temperature of the sample to 102.70 C. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Surface area of the liquid c. Pressure 6. Acad. The most common reactions of benzene involve substitution of a proton by other groups. [all data], Vesely, Svoboda, et al., 1977 The heat capacities of benzene, methyl alcohol and glycerol at very low temperatures,
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